Customs and International Trade Law Blog : International Trade Lawyer & Attorney : Becker & Poliakoff Law Firm : Customs Law, Border Protection

This past year has seen an explosion of seizures of bank accounts by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) or Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) for alleged trade-based money laundering or "structuring". In 2011, I have handled these cases in Miami, New York, San Diego, Boston, Phoenix, San Juan, and Norfolk.  The funds in the bank accounts are taken when the bank is served with a Seizure Warrant signed by a United States Magistrate Judge, based upon an affidavit prepared by the DEA or ICE Agent.  

Typically, the bank (and its customer) do not get to see the Affidavit because the criminal proceeding is ongoing, and the Affidavit is sealed.  The Seizure Warrant itself typically alleges that the money is subject to seizure because it is the proceeds of drug activity in violation of 21 U.S.C. 881 and 18 U.S.C. 1956. 

A related legal basis for the seizure of bank accounts is 'structuring' - the deposit of $10,000 or less in cash repeatedly in a bank account to avoid the filing by the bank of a Currency Transaction Report (CTR) with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCen), U.S. Department of the Treasury .  See 31 CFR 1010.314.  A CTR is FinCen Form 104.  A CTR is required to be filed by all banks whenever a deposit of cash over $10,000 is made in a single day into a single account or by a customer into different accounts.  Be aware that deposits of cash into multiple branches of a bank or in multiple transactions is still structuring.  See 31 CFR 1010.313.  Whenever a bank suspects that its depositor or customer is depositing $10,000 or less to avoid the bank filing the CTR, the bank often instead files a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) .  The SAR reports are analyzed by FinCen, and often referred to the DEA or ICE for investigation.  Some of the investigations results in seizures of bank accounts as mentioned above.

Bank account holders absolutely have the right to challenge the taking of their money by the DEA or ICE.  If your money has been seized, you have a right to know the legal basis for the seizure, and should, through your attorney, contact the DEA or ICE Agent, or the Assistant U.S. Attorney.  In civil forfeiture cases, there is an administrative process to follow once a Notice of Seizure is issued to the bank account holder by the Fines, Penalties, and Forfeitures Office of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) or a Notice of Seizure by the DEA.  If the Notice of Seizure is from CBP, file a Petition, and if the Notice of Seizure is issued by the DEA, file a Sworn Claim with the Asset Forfeiture Section located in Quantico, Virginia.  The procedures of both agencies are very specific, and must be followed carefully, otherwise, your right to challenge the seizure will be lost forever.

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The U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is seizing a record number of bank accounts for money laundering.  In summary, here is how it works.  A Special Agent from ICE submits an Affidavit to a Federal Judge, the Judge signs a Seizure Warrant authoring the Special Agent to serve that document upon the bank to seize whatever money is in that account.  Although the seizure of such accounts may accomplish a legitimate law enforcement purpose in attempting to stop the illicit sale of narcotics by taking the money generated from those sales, the process is too easily abused by the U.S. Government.

The Affidavit filed by the Special Agent is usually "sealed" which means it will not be available to the public or even the person or company for which the bank account monies were seized. Due process should allow a claimant prompt access to that information so the account holder may meaningfully challenge the seizure in Federal Court.  At a minimum, the Seizure Warrant should specify what the facts were that supported an allegation of money laundering. Right now, the standard language in the Seizure Warrant only states:

The bank account is subject to seizure and grounds exist for the issuance of this seizure warrant pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 981(a)(1(A) and 21 U.S.C. 881. 

That's it; that's all you get from the U.S. Government as the reasons that your entire bank account has now been cleaned out, potentially leaving a company unable to pay its bills, including to its employees, or leaving  a person desperate to pay his or her daily living expenses.

Bank account seizures now commonly allege trade based money laundering.  According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, global trade is frequently used by criminal organizations to move money around the world such as by Colombian drug cartels to repatriate drug proceeds, a process commonly referred to as the Black Market Peso Exchange.

Fortunately, the law demands that the U.S. Attorney's Office file a Complaint of Forfeiture against the bank account in Federal Court within a few months of the seizure of the bank account.  The Complaint will finally state the general factual basis for the seizure, and you finally get your 'day in court'.  Typically, the assigned Assistant U.S. Attorney will share information with the attorney representing the owner of the seized account in an attempt to avoid a litigation battle.  It is often to the advantage of both the Government and the account holder to attempt to work something out, otherwise, a lot of time and money will be spent in Federal Court litigation fighting over whether the money really is the proceeds of some 'specified unlawful activity' and whether or not the account owner is an 'innocent owner' to whom the money should be returned.

The Federal laws and procedures are the same throughout the United States for bank accounts seized pursuant to a Seizure Warrant for alleged trade-based money laundering.  Such seizures are most likely to occur in Miami, the State of Texas, and the metro area of New York City.

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Bank accounts are more frequently being frozen or seized by the Federal Government.  The typical allegation by the Federal Government is that the money in those bank accounts were the proceeds of money laundering.  Often, the owners of the seized bank accounts were somehow connected to shipping cargo to, receiving cargo from, or doing business with Colombia.  The owners of the seized bank accounts then typically receive a letter from U.S. Customs and Border Protection advising of the seizure, and the procedure to attempt to get the money back.

Money laundering typically means that the money in the bank account was seized because Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) believes it was generated from the sale of illegal drugs.  ICE refers to this type of financial crime as "Trade-Based Money Laudering."  So, for example, if a company in Colombia received money from the sale of drugs, and then purchased some merchandise from a U.S. company, and paid that U.S. company, the money received by the U.S. company could be seized as the proceeds of certain unlawful activity set forth in the money laundering law at 18 U.S.C. 1956.  The allegation of money laundering is sometimes accompanied by an allegation of filing a false shipper's export declaration or Automated Export System (AES) with U.S. Customs, in violation of 15 CFR section 30.7.

Persons who, or companies which have their bank accounts frozen or seized are entitled to know the reasons for such a severe action by the Federal Government. They are also entitled to challenge the actions by the Federal Government through the administrative petition process with U.S. Customs and Border Protection or by going to Federal Court. Legitimate business persons whose bank accounts have been frozen or seized by ICE or through a Seizure Warrant should contact a knowledgeable attorney to pursue having their money returned to them promptly.

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